Instrumente - prezentare
Muzica de Fanfară, este un gen muzical cântat de o fanfară - formatie alcătuită în majoritate din diverse instrumente de suflat si de percutie.
La români, s-a păstrat amintirea vechilor instrumente masive de suflat de pe vremea romanilor, dovada fiind buciumul care, în latină, se numea bucinum.
În epoca medievală, s-a manifestat înflorirea orientală, prin aparitia meterhanelelor si tumbulhanelelor, un fel de fanfare cu instrumente de suflat
de origine arabă sau turcă si care functionau pe lângă curtile domnesti. Ele erau prezente însă si la fastuoasele nunti ale marilor boieri si oameni
de seamă.
Un document din 1495, emis de Cancelaria lui Stefan cel Mare, indică prezenta acestei muzici de fanfară pe teritoriul actualului judet
Vaslui.
Aparitia fanfarelor în formele lor moderne se datorează însă constituirii orchestrelor militare, odată cu modernizarea Armatei Române în secolul al XIX-lea.
Aceste fanfare au fost organizate de instructori italieni sau germani, de unde existenta a două stiluri interpretative distincte, sustinute de instrumente
adaptate fiecăreia dintre acestea: interpretarea cu "instrumente normale", reprezentând stilul german, sau cu "instrumente tăiate" (instrumentele sunt scurtate
cu aproximativ doi-trei centimetri, furnizând un sunet mai înalt si mai dulce), reprezentând stilul vienez.
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Instrumente de alama - Fanfara |
| Instrumentul de alama
este un instrument muzical al carui ton este produs de vibratia buzelor
instumentistului in momentul inc are sufla aer printr-un rezonator tubular - mustiuc.
Parerea multora despre termenul instrument
de alama trebuie definita de felul prin care sunetul este produs, si nu de faptul ca instrumentul
este facut efectiv din alama.
Trompeta este un instrument de alama mentionat si in Biblie, iar forma asemanatoare celor de azi a aparut prin 1795,
iar cornul inainte de anul 1820. Se gasesc mentiuni ale folosirii instrumentelor de alama in unele ceremonii religioase sau la casele regale.
Instrumentele de alama cu pistoane sau clape folosesc un set de valve (de obicei 3 sau 4 valve
dar si 7 sau mai multe in unel cazuri) folosite de degetele interpretului care prin apasarea lor prelungesc lungimea
tubului intrumentului, schimband dimensiunea lui efectiva. Aceasta categorie include
trompeta, cornul, flugelhornul, saxhornul, euphonium, tuba, sousaphone, mellophone...
Supapele sunt de obicei valve cu piston, dar pot fi si rotative. Rotative sunt de obicei la corn sau tuba.
Instrumentele de alama glisante folosesc un dispozitiv ce permite schimbarea lungimii
tubului. Intrumentul principal din aceasta categorie este trombonul(sunt unele tromboane si cu clape sau pistoane).
Unele tromboane moderne au de asemenea valve alaturat dispozitivului de glisare.
Un instrument popular din aceasta categorie este bazooka.
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Trompeta
este instrumentul de alama cu cel mai inalt registru, deasupra
tubei, euphoniumului, trombonului, sousaphone, si a french hornului.
Trompeta este executata din tevi de alama, îndoite într-o spirală rigida.
Proiectarea atentă a acestor tuburi subtiri este esențială pentru tonul instrumentului.
Sunetul este produs prin suflarea de aer prin mustiuc, avand buzele închise astfel încât
pentru a produce un efect de zumzet, prin vibratii, care
creează un val de aer permanent de vibrare în
trompeta. Trompetistul poate selecta nota
dintr-o gamă de conotații armonice sau prin schimbarea
vitezei aerului și tensiunea buzelor. Supapele modifica lungimea
de tubulatura, reducerea sunetului instrumentului.
Trei supape face trompeta complet cromatica, si permite
instrumentistului să cante în toate gamele. Sunetul este proiectat la
exterior prin bor.
The trumpet
is by convention a transposing instrument, pitched in several
keys relative to concert pitch. The most common is the Bb
trumpet, but C, D, Eb, E, F, G and A trumpets are also available.
The C trumpet is most commonly used in orchestral playing,
where its slightly smaller size gives it a brighter, more
lively sound than the Bb trumpet. In the orchestra, players
of both Bb trumpets and C trumpets need to know how to transpose
because of the instrument's non-chromatic predecessor (before
the advent of the valved trumpet, music was always written
in C major and the trumpeter would adjust their instrument
to the key of the music).
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 The
flugelhorn
is a brass instrument resembling a cornet but with a wider,
conical bore. It is thought by some to be a member of
the saxhorn family developed by Adolphe Sax (who also
developed the saxophone); however, other historians assert
that it is a member of the keyed bugle family, long predating
Adolphe Sax's innovative work.
The flugelhorn
is built in the same Bb pitch as many trumpets and cornets.
It usually has three piston valves and employs the same
fingering system as other brass instruments. Four valve
and rotary valve variants also exist. It can thus be played
without too much trouble by trumpet and cornet players,
though some adaptation may be needed to their playing style.
It is usually played with a more deeply conical mouthpiece
than either trumpets or cornets.
The tone
is fatter and usually regarded as more mellow and dark than
that of the trumpet or cornet. It has a similar level of
agility to the cornet but is more difficult to control in
the high register where in general it slots or locks on
to notes less easily. It is not generally used for aggressive
or bright displays as both trumpet and cornet can be, but
tends more towards a softer and more reflective role. Its
main areas of use are in jazz and in the brass band, though
it does get occasional use in orchestral writing.
Some modern
flugels are built with a fourth valve which takes them down
in pitch an extra fourth, adding a useful area of low range
which when coupled with the dark sound gives an interesting
extension to the instrument's abilities. More often, however,
the fourth valve is used in place of the first and third
valve combination, which is somewhat sharp.
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 A
baritone
horn in American usage is a bugle in the key
of G used in drum corps that is usually played by former
trombonists/euphoniumists. It has 3 valves and a face
forward bell and is the middle voice of a drum corps,
between the high sopranos and the low contras. It has
a forceful tone, as if sounding like a tenor trumpet.
In the UK a baritone horn, usually shortened to baritone,
is a tenor saxhorn in Bb, that is, at trombone/euphonium
pitch. It is thus the larger version of other saxhorns
like the alto range Bb flugelhorn and Eb tenor horn
(alto horn in the US). In the UK the baritone is found
almost exclusively in the brass band. However, this
is the most common form of Baritone, even in the US,
particularly in High School and College Bands.
The instrument name in the United States outside of
Drum and bugle corps is largely a misnomer; the euphonium
is commonly confused for the baritone horn. The singular
difference in these two instruments lies in the shape
of the bore. The baritone horn is closer in relation
to the trombone and trumpet with a cylindrical bore.
The euphonium is closer in nature to the French horn
and tuba with its conical bore. Music stores in America
who sell instruments as baritone and euphonium with
price differences do so only through branding, as all
of these instruments sold are euphoniums, despite the
persistent confusion which has led in some quarters
to three-valve euphoniums being mistakenly called baritones
and four-valve instruments being seen as euphoniums. |
 The
euphonium
is a valved brass instrument, the tenor member of the
tuba family. The appearance of a euphonium is very similar
to that of a tuba, and many people not familiar with the
instrument sometimes incorrectly call it a tuba. Some
major differences are that the euphonium is one octave
higher than the tuba, and it is a smaller size (almost
one third smaller). The euphonium's fundamental pitch
is concert B-flat (Bb); music for the instrument is usually
written in the bass clef without any transposition (the
instrument sounds the note as written). In addition, the
same part is often available written in transposed treble
clef (written middle C sounds as the B-flat a ninth lower);
this permits trumpet players to apply the same fingerings
as they would when reading trumpet parts. The name euphonium
comes from the Greek word "euphonion", meaning
"beautiful-sounding" or "sweet-voiced".
The euphonium is often mistaken for a baritone. |
 The
horn
is a brass instrument that consists of tubing wrapped
into a coiled form. The instrument was first developed
in France in about 1650 from the cor de chasse or hunting
horn, and has been known as the French horn since it
was refined and improved in England in 1750, although
this usage is uncommon among players of the instrument.
Compared
to the other brass instruments commonly found in the
orchestra, the typical range of the French horn is set
an octave higher in its harmonic series, facilitated
by its small, deep mouthpiece, giving it its characteristic
"mellow" tone. The typical playing range of
a French horn goes from the written F at the bottom
of the staff in bass clef to the C above the staff in
treble clef. Despite
this improvement, the single F horn had a rather irksome
flaw. As the player played higher and higher notes,
the distinctions a player had to make with his or her
embouchure from note to note became increasingly precise.
An early solution was simply to use a horn of higher
pitch - usually B-flat. The relative merits of F versus
B-flat were a hotbed of debate between horn players
of the late nineteenth century, until the German horn
maker Kruspe produced a prototype of the "double
horn" in 1897.
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 A
lip-reed aerophone with a predominantly cylindrical
bore, the trombone
is a musical instrument in the brass family. The most
frequently encountered trombones are the tenor and bass
counterparts of the trumpet. The trombone is usually
characterised by a telescopic slide with which the player
varies the length of the tube. The
word trombone derives from Italian tromba and -one (a
suffix meaning large). Thus, quite literally, a trombone
is a "large trumpet". The trombone is often
referred to by its name in other languages, exempli
gratia Posaune, Puzon or Basun.
The trombone
consists of a cylindrical tube bent into an elongated "S"
shape in a complex series of tapers, the smallest being
at the mouthpiece receiver, and the largest being at the
throat of the bell, before the flare for the bell begins.
As with other brass instruments, sound is produced by blowing
air through closed lips producing a vibration that creates
a standing wave in the instrument.
Until
the early 18th century, the trombone was called the
sackbut in English, a word with various different spellings
ranging from sackbut to shagbolt and derived from the
Spanish sacabuche or French sacqueboute. This was not
a distinct instrument from the trombone, but rather
a different name used for an earlier form. The sackbut
was built in slightly smaller dimensions than modern
trombones, and had a bell that was more conical and
less flared. Today, sackbut is generally used to refer
to the earlier form of the instrument, commonly used
in early music ensembles. Sackbuts were (and still are)
made in every size from alto to contrabass, though then
as now the contrabass is very rare.
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 The
tuba
is the largest of the low-brass instruments and is one
of the most recent additions to the modern symphony
orchestra, first appearing in the 19th century, when
it largely replaced the ophicleide. The
tuba is used as the bass of the brass section, though
its versatility means that it can be used to reinforce
the strings and woodwind, or increasingly as a solo
instrument. Tubas are also used in wind and concert
bands and in brass bands, although in the latter instance
they are referred to as Eb and BBb basses, there being
two of each.
Tubas are
found in various pitches, most commonly in F, Eb, C, or
Bb.
The most
common tuba is the contrabass tuba, pitched in C or Bb.
The next smaller tuba is the bass tuba, pitched in F or
Eb. The euphonium is sometimes referred to as a tenor tuba,
and is pitched one octave higher than the BBb, contrabass
tuba. The "French tuba" corresponds to the tenor
tuba, but is pitched in C.
Tubas
generally can have from three to six valves though some
exceptions exist. Three-valve tubas are generally the
least expensive and are almost exclusively used by beginners,
and the sousaphone
(a marching instrument) almost always has three valves.
Among more advanced players, four and five valve tubas
are by far the most common choices, with six valve tubas
being relatively rare. Tubas come in both piston and
rotary valve models.
Some
believe that the external finish of the tuba can play
an important role in the tone production. Professional
players have individual preferences on the finish that
they select, and will sometimes have horns in more than
one finish for different musical settings. In general,
it is thought that silver finish produces a darker tone
while lacquer produces a brighter tone. However, tone
quality is subjective and there is no scientific basis
for these claims.
Some piston
valved tubas have a compensating system to allow accurate
tuning when using several valves in combination to play
low notes, simplifying fingering and removing the need to
constantly adjust slide positions. This does have the disadvantage
of making the instrument significantly more 'stuffy' or
resistant to air flow when compared to a non-compensating
tuba. This is due to the need for the air to flow through
the valve block twice.
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 Percussion
instruments are music instruments played by
being struck, shaken, rubbed or scraped, hence the "percussive"
name. They are perhaps the oldest form of musical instruments,
rivaled only by vocal. Percussion instruments play not
only rhythm, but also melody and harmony, and percussion
could also be the only category of instruments that
has musical notation in all three of the traditional
clefs (treble, bass and rhythm - though sometimes bass
clef is simply substituted for rhythm clef).
Most
percussion instruments have a distinct tone; even a
drum can be tuned. However, a distinction is usually
made based on whether the instrument can play a definite
pitch or not.
The
timpani, xylophone, marimba, vibraphone, bell, tubular
bells (chimes in the U.S.A.), crotales and glockenspiel
all play a definite pitch. (Although the piano is often
considered a percussion instrument because its sound
is created by a hammer striking strings, it is more
generally considered by most as a Keyboard instrument.)
The snare drum, bass drum, afuche, various chimes (exempli
gratia mark tree), castanets, claves, cowbell, cymbal,
doyra, maracas, mendoza, ratchet, spoons, tambourine,
temple blocks, tom-tom, timbales, triangle, vibraslap,
washboard, whip and wood block do not in general. However,
some percussionists tune drum heads to specific pitches
when recording albums or in preparation for specific
composer requirements. Gongs and anvils can be tuned
or untuned. The most familiar type of gong in the west,
the chau gong (sometimes called a tam-tam), is untuned.
Tuned cymbals exist but are rare. Often instruments
will come in pairs (such as bongos) or larger groups
(such as temple blocks); here, there will be a high-low
distinction while still retaining indefinite (or unspecified)
pitch.
The
two major categories are membranophones, which add timbre
to the sound of being struck, such as drums, and idiophones,
which sound of themselves, such as the triangle. The
tambourine is both membranophone and idiophone, having
both a head and jingles.
Percussion can be broken down into more specific sub-categories
as well, for a more specific understanding of the uses
of the instruments and the styles of music in which
those particular instruments are used. These are not
formal distinctions, but some useful categories are:
tuned percussion, untuned percussion, auxiliary percussion,
latin percussion and drum kit.
Drum
kits are usually a combination of several or all categories,
as some drum kit players use massive ensembles of snare
drums, tom-toms, timpani, electronic xylophones, various
pieces of auxiliary and latin percussion (cowbell racks,
tambourines) along with enormous arrays of cymbals in
all shapes, sizes and functions.
Percussion
is commonly referred to as "the backbone"
or "the heartbeat" of a musical ensemble,
often working in close collaboration with bass instruments,
when present. Though there are many classical, jazz
and even rock ensembles that refrain from the use of
percussion from time to time, it is extremely rare to
have a truly impressive piece of music in any genre
unless there is a strong percussive backing. Most classical
pieces written for full orchestra since the time of
Haydn and Mozart are orchestrated to place emphasis
on the strings and woodwinds, but will almost always
include at least one pair of timpani in the background,
providing percussive drive and strengthening the bass
line.
In
almost every style of music, percussion plays a pivotal
role. In military marching bands and pipes and drums,
it is the beat of the bass drum that keeps the soldiers
in step and at a regular speed, and it is the snare
that provides that crisp, decisive air to the tune of
a regiment. In classic jazz, one almost immediately
thinks of the distinctive rhythm of the hi-hats or the
ride cymbal when the word "swing" is spoken.
In more recent popular music culture, it is almost impossible
to name three or four rock, hip-hop, rap, funk or even
soul charts or songs that do not have some sort of percussive
beat keeping the tune in time.
Because
of the diversity of percussive instruments, it is not
uncommon to find large musical ensembles composed entirely
of percussion. Rhythm, melody and harmony are all apparent
and alive in these musical groups, and in live performance
they are quite a sight to see.
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